Rousseaus General Will and Well-Ordered Society

The belief that man, by nature, is good was espoused by the French philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). He believed that people in the state of nature were innocent and at their best and that they were corrupted by the unnaturalness of civilization. In the state of nature, people lived entirely for themselves, possessed an absolute independence, and were content. According to Rousseau, in the state of nature, people tended to be isolated, war was absent, and their desires were minimal and circumscribed (i.e., commensurate with their basic survival needs). People did not have the drive to acquire more possessions. There was plenty to go around, an absence of reliance on others, and no real need for extensive†¦show more content†¦Rousseau viewed private property as a destructive, impulsive, and egotistical institution that rewarded greed and luck. Civil society thus was born when people began fencing off their property, claiming that it was theirs, and finding that other people agreed with them. Depravity is due to the corruption of man s essence by civilization. For Rousseau, civil society resulted from the degeneration of a basically good state of nature. Man s problems arose because of civil society. He believed that the state of nature changed because it was internally unstable. For example, because talents were not distributed equ ally among persons, the balance that existed in the state of nature was disturbed and with inequality came conflicting interests. The more talented, able, and intelligent people brought about advances in science, technology, commerce, and so on. Because people simply are born with certain natural endowments, a person cannot be praised for having talent or blamed for not having it. Rousseau saw talent as naturally leading to achievement. Inequality developed as some people produced more and earned more. He failed to acknowledge the importance of motivation, industry, and volitional use of one s reason and other potentialities. The perspective of many of today s environmentalists can be traced back to Rousseau who believed that the more men deviated from the state of nature, the worse offShow MoreRelatedRousseau s Beliefs On The Form Of Governments Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagessovereign. In his writings from the social contract Rousseau outlines what the sort of government should be. Therefore, the aim of this essay will firstly be to analyze and outline Rousseau’s held beliefs on the form of governments. Secondly, what this sort of government will achieve. Finally the essay will examine Rousseau’s contribution to political thought in contemporary era. Jean-Jacques Rousseau is one of the most influential intellectuals in political philosophy of the 18th century. His writingsRead More The State of Nature and its Implications for Civilization in Hobbes and Rousseau1639 Words   |  7 Pagesgive up certain rights so that the violent nature of the human animal can be subdued. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s vision of the state of nature parallels that of Hobbes but for its more optimistic tone: â€Å"I assume that men reach a point where the obstacles to their preservation in a state of nature prove greater than the strength that each man has to preserve himself in that state.† In general, Rousseau’s words prove reasonably less severe than Hobbes’s. According to Hobbes the bestial rights that aRead MorePolitical Theory: Property1369 Words   |  6 PagesJean Jacques Rousseau. The writings of Locke and Rousseau on property ownership are quite fascinating to compare. Both philosophers portray the early stages of man in what they refer to as the State of Nature. This paper takes a critical look at Rousseau’s conceptualization of private property and the state in relation to Locke’s works on the subject. Origins of Property in the State of Nature According to Locke, man is driven out of his primitive state by his desire to satisfy his needs. He believesRead MoreJohn Locke And Rousseau s Impact On Western Political Development1593 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Locke and Rousseau, at the core of their arguments, believed that mankind creates a social contract within society. However, Rousseau and Locke differ in their exact view of the social contract, but both agree that some individual rights must be sacrificed for the good of mankind, and that before there was society man lived in a state of nature. Their different interpretations of these two points largely describes the differences between the two men, clearlyRead MoreMachiavelli Vs. Rousseau s The Prince1278 Words   |  6 Pagesand Emmanuel Sieyes, a political theorist, came up with the general idea that men should be free and that power should be evenly distributed to form a better nation. But whose version on the way that society be go verned is correct, Machiavelli or Rousseau? Machiavelli wanted a prince to be head of a power nation while Rousseau argued for a more governed society with equality being the main issue. Machiavelli’s approach on the way a society should be driven is a much superior approach than RousseauRead MoreThe Implementation of Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Philosophy by Maximilien Robespierre and His Purposed Reaction Had He Lived to Witness It6564 Words   |  27 Pagesoff the writings and teachings of one Enlightenment thinker in particular: Jean Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau would be the first â€Å"modern critic of the bourgeois society.†[1]More specifically, in his text, The Social Contract[2], in which he outlines what he believes to be the necessary ingredients in creating stability in a commercial society that finds itself staring its problems right in the face. These ideas include, â€Å"Man is by nature good, but becomes corrupt through unjust institutions and laws;Read MoreR ousseau and individualism1938 Words   |  8 PagesForced to be Free Ever since the fall of feudal societies, all men have shared an obsession with individualism. Even in the days of fierce nationalism during WWI, the idea was still seen as the individual’s endorsement of the state rather than the state’s imposition of an idea. This obsession with individualism reaches not only politics, but art, culture, and even religion (the protestant reform); these ideas shape our modern world and are a driving force in the way each of us think in our dailyRead MoreEducation, Crisis And The Cultivation Of A Great Leader3160 Words   |  13 Pagesof problems in society, is the basis for the following discussion. Naturally, the philosophy of education has been a topic of complex analysis by the prominent philosophers throughout history in an attempt to address issue facing the societies of their era, and continues to be a controversial and challenging issue in the 21st century. One must question the reason for why education, which is essential to th e evolution of the human species, has remained an unruly hindrance to societies as far back asRead MoreGeorge Rousseau And John Locke1502 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical liberalism, but greatly differed on the human nature conceptions. Their differences were inclined on both their attitude and the system itself. They promoted freedom and reason, which are deemed crucial components for a morally upright society. Morality is a major concern in Locke’s writing. He offers a detailed explanation of what he thinks can bring morality to all men, and facilitate equality. He creates an imaginary perfect world, in which, according to him, would be the best placeRead MoreEssay on Can We Live in a Just World?1787 Words   |  8 Pagesview justice to be in our society. Plato articulated that justice consists of a well-ordered soul: the intellect must rule and keep the appetites in check. The only proper way to live is in moderation, because moderation is the only route to happiness (Davis-Judd, 5). This is rather unlike the modern day perception of justice, being someone who treats people fairly. Plato’s interpretation ties in with his image of an ideal world. Plato’s society would be extremely knowledgeable

Essay on Images of Christian Devotion in Late Antiquity...

Images of Christian devotion in Late Antiquity and Byzantium Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus in Rome represents reflects the transformed status of Christianity. Junius Bassus was a member of a senatorial family and he was responsible for the administration of the city of Rome. Junius Bassus died at the age of 42 in the year 359, this sarcophagus was made for him. He had become a convert to Christianity before his death. The style and iconography of the sarcophagus reflects the transformed status of Christianity. Before the time of Constantine, the picture of Christ was never used directly by important members of the Roman Emperor. In this sarcophagus, Christ represented directly and delivered from Roman Imperial Art perspective. Peter†¦show more content†¦The wheat and grates represent the wine and bread of the Eucharist. The toga was used as symbol of high social status. The Ceiling of the Mausoleum of Galla shows Christ as the Good Shepherd taking care of his sheep’s. This picture show Christ with a golden halo (Gold color repre sents power and wealthy). He is wearing a loyal purple mantle to show that he is a king and god. He is also holding a Christian cross. In this article Senses and Sensibility in Byzantium by Liz James will side step the squabble between art history and visual culture. It will explain what happen with art history and visual culture. Furthermore, it will explain how these both interact with other senses. The authors explain how the five senses of the human are involved in Art. Byzantine art tends to be considered in almost exclusively visual terms. However, Byzantine writings about works of art appeal to all the senses and aim to involve the listener (who may also be looking at the object described) in an emotional engagement with the image and with the scene it depicts. Accordantly to the author â€Å"Touch was a crucial means of assuring oneself of the reality of spiritual truths. The New Testament is full of stories of people touching Christ, culminating in that of doubting Thomas, who needed to put his hand into Christ’s wounds to be assured that Christ had risen† (Liz James 527) I definitely support this because when it comes to religion there is always going

Emotional Cognitive and Behavioural Responses †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Emotional Cognitive and Behavioural Responses Answer: Behavioural, cognitive and emotional responses are the common side effects of breast cancer diagnosis on the patient. These changes occurring within the patient leads to serious disruption in the quality of life of the patient. The case management depends largely on the responses that the patient experiences and the way in which the patient perceives her illness (Boyle et al., 2017). The present paper discusses the emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses that the patient Mary is likely to experience with regards to her diagnosis. Feelings of anxiety, fear and depression are the common responses to the life changing experience of being diagnosed with breast cancer in women. Depression is the most prevalent side effect arising due to cancer diagnosis. Major depressive disorder is a clinical syndrome occurring in most women diagnosed with cancer. Psychological stress and depressive symptoms are the highest in the initial six months after a patient is diagnosed with breast cancer. The severity of distress is then found to decline over time with the patient adjusting to initial shock of diagnosis and its acute impacts. As expected, depression has the possibility of creating a detrimental effect on all the possible aspects of quality of life. In addition, the patient might be having poor medical adherence and increased challenges to care for cancer, encompassing lack of proper understanding of the recommended treatments and the associated anxiety. Research also indicates that morbidity is also high in case of cance r patients. As a matter of fact, depression is a representation of an imperative target for identification and treatment (Hill et al., 2011). In the present case, Mary is likely to suffer from depression due to her early stage cancer diagnosis. Multi-dimensional factors play a role in the development of depression in the patient given the social context she lives in. Mary is socially isolated as she lives alone with her twin sons. Her partner is away since the birth of her children and is not in daily contact with him. In addition, she does not get support and help from her family as they live in a different place and have not met with Mary since her children were born. Mary does not have social support and required to undertake proper treatment and adhere to management regimen for her breast cancer. This possibly would be the reason Mary would suffer from depression. As Mary does not have the physical presence of her husband and her family, it is likely that the depressive symptoms would be more for her in compared to patients who receive the support and help of the family members. As opined by Maass et al., (2015) patien t diagnosed with breast cancer require social support that make them less anxious and less depressed. Mary would suffer from depression and anxiety from the thought of undergoing changes in her body that often affects ones confidence level and self-esteem. Work roles and family might be altered to a considerable extent. Mary is likely to feel grief at these possible changes and loses. Physical symptoms like extreme tiredness, nausea and pain also contribute to emotional distress that the patient is likely to suffer. Mary might also fear pain, suffering and death and the aspects unknown to her in future that would lead to severe depression. She is likey to suffer from despair and hopelessness. The psychological challenges and emotional reactions would determine the effectiveness of treatment provided to her (Ancoli-Israel et al., 2014). According to Bower (2008) psychosocial issues like stress, worry and anxiety are factors that determine the cognitive functioning of the patient. Such factors would lead to cognitive decline in Mary, with possible impacts on the quality fo life. Physical issues such as fatigue and sleep disturbance, along with psychosocial conditions like stress and anxiety would influence Marys cognitive functioning. Research indicates that all patient diagnosed with cancer have issues with short-term memory, though tests find that the memory is in normal stage. It is the ability to have focused attention and the speed of processing information that gradually declines after diagnosis of cancer. The issues can be related to memory problems since the brain is not able to process the information in a suitable manner. The concept of cognitive reserve comes into the limelight in this regard, which connects the level of knowledge of a patient with her perceptions about cancer. It is likely that Mary would be facing difficulties in carrying out executive functions in her daily life. As she has to manage her household single-handedly without any help from family and partner the daily activities of living are likely to suffer. Increased chances of developing insomnia and fatigue are to be mentioned in the context of the present case study analysis as the course of these responses have been well characterised in comparison to other behavioural side effects. Psychosocial factors along with medical conditions are likely to change to course of behaviour presented by the patient. Mary has increased chances of experiencing fatigue as she is required to carry out all responsibilities of her house and manage her two children who are young in age (Bower et al., 2011). Facing a life threatening disease like cancer would shift the focus and perspective of Mary, having a direct impact on her behaviour. She is presented with chances of developing risky behaviours like drinking and smoking in order to cope with the stress amongst other medical treatments. It is often devastating to cope with breast cancer and patients have the tendency to become restless and agitated at the slightest pretext. Behaviour changes encompass irritability, loss of interest to socialise and take part in activities, changes in appetite and loss of motivation and energy. Feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness make a person have reduced self-esteem. Mary might also suffer from severe panic attacks. Though the behavioural changes might vary depending on the support Mary receives and might be difficult to identify at times, these changes in behaviour have the ability to make a long-term impact on the treatment and management of the illness. The physically and emotionally draining illness is to reduce the quality of life of Mary as she is to receive adequate emotional and social support to fight breast cancer. From the above analysis, we find that Mary is faced with multifaceted challenges as she is diagnosed with breast cancer at an early age. Given the social context she is living in, chances are high that she would suffer the adverse emotional, cognitive and behaviour changes a patient diagnosed with breast cancer suffers. This implies that suitable nursing and psychological interventions are required for addressing the needs of Mary and enhancing her quality of life. References Ancoli-Israel, S., Liu, L., Rissling, M., Natarajan, L., Neikrug, A. B., Palmer, B. W., ... Maglione, J. (2014). Sleep, fatigue, depression, and circadian activity rhythms in women with breast cancer before and after treatment: a 1-year longitudinal study.Supportive Care in Cancer,22(9), 2535-2545. Bower, J. E. (2008). Behavioral symptoms in breast cancer patients and survivors: Fatigue, insomnia, depression, and cognitive disturbance.Journal of Clinical Oncology?: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology,26(5), 768777. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.3248 Bower, J. E., Ganz, P. A., Irwin, M. R., Kwan, L., Breen, E. C., Cole, S. W. (2011). Inflammation and behavioral symptoms after breast cancer treatment: do fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbance share a common underlying mechanism?.Journal of clinical oncology,29(26), 3517-3522.v Boyle, C. C., Stanton, A. L., Ganz, P. A., Crespi, C. M., Bower, J. E. (2017). Improvements in emotion regulation following mindfulness meditation: Effects on depressive symptoms and perceived stress in younger breast cancer survivors.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,85(4), 397. Hill, J., Holcombe, C., Clark, L., Boothby, M. R. K., Hincks, A., Fisher, J., ... Salmon, P. (2011). Predictors of onset of depression and anxiety in the year after diagnosis of breast cancer.Psychological medicine,41(07), 1429-1436. Maass, S. W., Roorda, C., Berendsen, A. J., Verhaak, P. F., de Bock, G. H. (2015). The prevalence of long-term symptoms of depression and anxiety after breast cancer treatment: a systematic review.Maturitas,82(1), 100-108.

Writing a Learning Objective

Learning Objective The objective of the lesson is to learn how mathematics is related to art through understanding of the linear perspective and relation between proportions that enable the viewer to recognize the real size of objects and objects depicted in pictures. In this respect, we should focus on the three simple components such as proportions in relation to division and multiplication, linear perspective that depends on proportions directly, and renaissance with regard to development of art techniques.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Writing a Learning Objective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Grade Level Students in the Grade Three are introduced to multiplication and division. Moreover, they should know how these simple actions are used everywhere in everyday lives and art using the example of linear perspective in Leonardo Da Vinci’s works. Script Teacher: Good morning class. Today we’re going to learn about multiplication and division as obligatory actions in mathematics when applied to everyday life and arts. Do you know how math is related to arts? Students: The students raise hands and answer questions as directed. If they have some ideas, they are free to voice those. Teacher: Art has its history and it can be logically divided into definite periods. Renaissance is one of the periods in the history of art and science when most of great inventions occurred including identification and application of linear perspective. Who knows what the liner perspective is? Students: Probably, no one would know answer to this question though I am ready to listen to possible interpretations. Teacher: Does anyone know prominent personalities of the Renaissance period?Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Students: As with the previous question, there would be no apparent answers. Howe ver, if some students name Copernicus or Da Vinci, I can encourage them to tell a bit more about those people and their contribution to the development of art and science in the period of Renaissance. Teacher: Here is where I think it is necessary to listen to a piece of Renaissance music (instrumental) that can help you to understand the spirit of the era and conservatism of ideas in contemporary society. Students: All students listen to the audio tape with Renaissance music (instrumental) previously recorded from YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SvEttR6HTY). Teacher: Now let us think about possible areas where multiplication and division operations can be used. Students: The students give examples; the teacher approves them if appropriate and corrects if examples are not relevant. Besides, a teacher can make hints (think about your average grade; how about counting calories when the amount is given for 100 grams of the product, etc.). Teacher: Now, let us discuss how mult iplication and division operations are related to understanding of the linear perspective. Students: Here where all students watch the video about linear perspective previously recorded to the laser disc from the digital channel (https://www.howstuffworks.com/). Besides, it is possible to record this video from the discovery Channel directly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Writing a Learning Objective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teacher: As you can see, multiplication and division operations are an integral part of the linear perspective and every artist should be able to apply those operations while creating a picture. Now, let us look at these objects (here is when a teacher introduces tangible artifacts) – these are models of geometrical figures such as a cube, parallelepiped, and trapezium. Students: The objects can be made from the cardboard or purchased in a toy shop where different meccanos a re available. Students should look at those objects from different angles and see how the length of lines differs if watching at them from different angles and perspectives. Teacher: Now work in groups and try to find out the length of the farthest line using the blackboard as the horizon line. Students: The students work in groups and make their assumptions when teacher addresses each group and discuss the objects with the teacher. Teacher: Now, let us look at the following picture (the teacher introduces a picture Annunciation by Leonardo Da Vinci) and see how lines tend to one point in the horizon line. Here, the teacher addresses students and asks them to show the lines they see and possible point where they tend to join up. This assignment can be also designed by dividing students in groups and giving every group a different picture. Students: The students are supposed to show the lines in the picture that outline the scheme of the linear perspective approach. The picture can b e taken from the private collection of postcards with well-know paintings or borrowed from the library where books on arts are available. Teacher: To summarize, let us look at the following book and at the page 62 particularly (here the teacher shows the book Eyewitness Art: Perspective by Alison Cole that can be either borrowed from the library or purchased through Amazon.com digital resource in advance).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Students: Students are supposed to indicate that they see linear perspective applied in practice and recognize the horizon line and how the entire scheme of lines changes regarding the position of the viewer toward this horizon line. Teacher: To conclude, let us write a short description of what we learnt and what we now know about the relation between Maths and painting. Write 150 to 200 words about proportion, linear perspective, and fine arts. References Cole, A. (1992). Eyewitness art: Perspective. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, in association with National Gallery Publications, London. Borrowed from library. Da Vinci, L. (1475–1480) Annunciation. Postcard from private collection. Discovery Channel. (2011). Assignment Discovery: Blueprint Proportions. Video recording – DVD. Private collection. Geometrical figures. (2011). Cube, parallelepiped, and trapezium made of cardboard. Private collection. Theatrum Instrumentorum. (2011). Renaissance music (instrume ntal). Audio recording – CD. Private collection. This essay on Writing a Learning Objective was written and submitted by user Cassidy Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.